The Reform Party is the second highest ticket listed on the ballot; hence, it seems logical that Buchanan's name should be connected to the second hole. But some voters may have never noticed Buchanan's name, if all they intended to do was find the hole for Gore, punch it, and go home. (Historical footnote: Buchanan almost wasn't on the Florida ballot at all!)

The ballot does in fact feature arrows leading from the candidate's name to the appropriate holes -- but the arrows are short, making the visual connection line weak. Assuming that a voter knows what the arrows are for, the form makes perfect sense; nevertheless, anyone who has ever conducted a usability test knows that people are generally bad at figuring out all but the simplest documents (even when they have access to instructions). 

Usability testing involves asking a small test population -- sometimes no more than five people -- to use a prototype, and noting any problems. Since people are rarely willing to spend time learning how to use each of the dozens of documents they encounter each day, technical writers and designers strive to create documents that do not mislead or confuse.

While the designer of the Palm Beach County ballot presumably knows why the names are presented in this particular order, the order is not clear to the casual reader.  Since the layout of this ballot was not clear, some people may have had to guess.  

The Associated Press quoted voter Eileen Klasfeld as saying, "It was so hard to tell who and what you were voting for. I couldn't figure it out, and I have a doctorate."

Boca Raton resident Blake Smith told an AP reporter that he had to ask for another ballot: "When I went to push the one for president, I pushed one and it seemed to be just below the office of vice president. It seemed like I had to push one for vice president, too. Then I saw I had accidentally voted twice." 

Another 19,000 ballots in Palm Beach were thrown out because people seem to have voted twice; this problem is potentially far more significant, given the tightness of the race. Republicans will doubtless try to determine whether a similar number of ballots were spoiled in previous elections. 

Questions began to surface after Buchanan received 3,407 votes in this heavily Democratic district -- far more votes than he (a conservative former Republican) had received in some far less liberal districts.  Since Florida's initial tally showed Bush winning Florida by only about 1,700 votes, it makes sense for the Democrats to investigate this anomaly. 

Florida election officials from both parties have called the ballot straightforward, and Republicans argue that claims of voter confusion exaggerated. My guess is that if the Florida ballot design remains an issue, a lot of political pundits and lawyers will get crash courses in document design.

by Dennis G. Jerz
08 Nov, 2000 -- first posted
09 Nov, 2000 -- minor edits, update
15 Nov, 2000 -- added more links
26 Sep, 2001 -- added another link

(Update: 9 Nov, 2000) 
By now, Florida is undoubtedly brimming with lawyers. Nobody ever notices technical writing or document design unless something goes wrong. There are probably just as many poorly-designed ballots that led people to vote for Gore by mistake, which means that if the design of one ballot is challenged in court, thousands of ballots across the nation will likely be under scrutiny. All of this only emphasizes LePore's mistake in not user-testing the ballot in the first place. 

(Update: 26 Sep, 2001) 
Pregnant Chad Can't Vote Anymore (Wired)
The home of the butterfly ballot and the pregnant chad announced Tuesday that it's spending $14 million to purchase some of the most sophisticated voting machines in the country.

(Update: 12 Nov, 2001) 
Florida Recounts Would Have Favored Bush (Washington Post)
Under every scenario used in the study, the winning margin remains less than 500 votes out of almost 6 million cast.

(Update 23 Sep, 2002)
A Vote for Touch and Go Away [Florida Ballots] (Wired)
"Florida found itself in another voting debacle during last week's primary election: Tens of millions of dollars spent to abolish hanging chads and they still can't get it right."

See Also:

19 Jul 2000; by Dennis G. Jerz
Usability Testing: What Is It?
The first rule of technical writing is "know your audience."  But even the best planning cannot predict all possible user errors.  This document introduces the concept of testing for usability, which measures whether test subjects can actually use your prototype to complete assigned tasks.

19 Jul 2000; by Dennis G. Jerz
Prototypes in Technical Writing: What Are They?
A good prototype will help you identify flaws (research gaps or mistaken assumptions) long before you have dug yourself into a hole by investing a lot of time in it. A sculptor makes a scale model in clay -- a prototype -- before chiseling away at a full-sized chunk of marble. It is much easier to fix major mistakes in clay than it is to throw away a ruined chunk of marble and start over again.

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Related Resources Salon.com Some Florida Ballots Illegal, Dems Say (The ballot designer, a Democrat, wonders why nobody told her about the problems in advance -- the answer is that she simply showed a sample to voters, she did not ask them to use the samples.) [Palm Beach County] Supervisor of Elections Theresa LePore, a Democrat, insisted any confusion was unintentional and defended the layout of the cluttered ballots as necessary to get all the presidential candidates on facing pages while making the type large enough for [elderly] voters to read. She also said that if it was so confusing, someone should have pointed it out to her earlier. "We sent out sample ballots to all registered voters, and no one said a word," she said. Another Example of Ballot Designer's Technical Communication Skills: "...they are to punch the hole next to the arrow next to the number next to the candidate they wish to vote for." -- ballot instructions written by Theresa LePore.  (In the same ballot, LePore was re-elected to her $107,000-a-year job as county elections supervisor.) Dan Bricklin Ballot Usability in Florida "On other parts of the ballot... there was only one column -- the first name corresponded to the first hole, the second name to the second hole, etc." Modern Humorist Flori-Duh!  Tour "the graphic design capital of America."  [more humor] Official Terry LePore Ballot Designer Fan Page So who is this mysterious kingmaker who changed the world from her shadowy government bureaucracy? Has she seen any good movies lately? Is her marriage happy? America wants to know. America needs to know! Lycos Who has linked to this page?